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Likewise, the meaning of motherhood for the same woman will change once she becomes pregnant and has her first child. Quantitative Methods: Meaning and Characteristics. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research: Key Points in a Classic Debate. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. There are many characteristics noted in this study which aligns with that of qualitative research. In work [, The tar contained in the process gas stream (vapours and/or aerosol) is condensed as a result of lowering the temperature of the gas during transport through the outlet pipeline to the surface. Klebingat, S. Development, Validation and Scenario Analyses of Two Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Model Approaches Focussing on Gas Quality-Tar Production Control and Tar Pollutant-Water Solubility Risk Prognoses. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8193 233 p. 27 cm. For It is interpretive in that it focuses on how different definitions are equally important for analysis. For example, the measurement error for the process gas flow rate was approximately 0.01 dm. accrue from both quantitative and qualitative research. Because of its complex application and lack of justification with statistical methods, the data collection process always gives some kind of confusion and challenges, especially reliability and. Underground Coal GasificationEvidence Statement of Global Warming Potential DECC. Quantitative Research Design: This approach is rationalistic and is based on the positivist paradigm of the 19th century pioneered by the French Sociologist, Auguste Comte. dards for both qualitative and quantitative research and identifying the unique reporting standards for designs that integrate both of these approaches. ; Mochida, I. Low-temperature catalytic conversion of lignite: 3. It is said that it is better coupled with researchers who truly care about the subject, want to take it seriously and are willing to commit to the study. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. A Feature ; Cena, R.J.; Stephens, D.R. Use Standardized Research Instruments 3. Thinking of Your Research Questions: Characteri https://methods.sagepub.com/video/characteristics-of-good-and-bad-research-questions, Sage Research Methods Video: Qualitative and Mixed Methods, CCPA Do Not Sell My Personal Information. During each experiment, measurement errors are made, the magnitude of which depends on the accuracy of the analytical methods that are used, the accuracy of the measuring apparatus, the methodology that is used to conduct the experiment, and the sampling used for the analysis. In his analyzes and interpretations he does not include notions like freedom, will, free choice or moral responsibility. Hu, E.; Zeng, X.; Ma, D.; Wang, F.; Yi, X.; Li, Y.; Fu, X. The results of the calculations are presented in, The total production of the particular compounds in the tar was calculated based on the data for the amount of gas that was produced and the data for the concentrations of those compounds. Mixed research - research that involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative methods or paradigm . Starting from the 46th hour of the process, an increase in the amount of ethane produced is also visible. Simply Educate Me. These tar cracking processes were favoured by the long residence time of the tar in the reactor during this period of time. In this experiment, the siderite was arranged in a thick, solid layer, so the catalytic action, if it did occur, was only to a small extent and had no effect on the obtained results. The moisture content in the sand, determined in accordance with the PN-G-04511:1980 standard, was 11.0%. After the ignition of the coal, the temperature rapidly increased around the location of the igniting charge. Wang, Z.; Liang, D.; Li, Y.; Tian, H.; Liang, J. Pyrolysis characteristics of large-scale bituminous coal. The yield of the crude benzol is typically 1.1% of the weight of the coked coal. Warwick. 0000003800 00000 n The study, definition, data collection, and analysis may well be perfectly objective, but the researcher does not; As this is subjectively involved when deciding the research topic or problem and during the interpretation of the results. Dong, M.; Feng, L.; Zhou, Q.; Zhou, S.; Xu, X.; Qin, B. Spatial and temporal evolution of tar during ex-situ underground coal gasification. 0000001603 00000 n xref In the produced tar, the concentrations of the BTEX and phenol compounds decreased, while the concentration of the PAH compounds increased, and then decreased again between 1534 h. As a result, the molecular weight of the tar increased, and the H/C ratio was lowered. The researcher tries to understand his object of study within his own framework. Klebingat, S.; Kempka, T.; Schulten, M.; Azzam, R.; Manuel Fernndez-Steeger, T.M. trailer most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. The first step of the analysis was to extract the BTEX, PAHs, and phenolic components from the sorption tubes, using the solvents carbon disulfide, cyclohexane, and acetone, respectively. ; Boyd, R.M. The gasification agent was supplied on one side of the channel, and the gaseous gasification products were led outside on the other side. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive [subjects usually measured once] or experimental [subjects measured before and after a treatment]. papers requested by the individual editor responsible for the issue and a member However, choosing which type of research method to use is, also important because the information being presented has to be cohesive so that readers are. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic. Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions. The best approach will The dimensions of the gasified coal block were 3.8 0.7 0.7 m (width, depth, and height). It is open to the use of images, conversations, narratives, texts and observations in context. Environ. 0000001713 00000 n Simply Educate Me. As a result of both reactions, the amount of lighter separated tar increases. The gasification time interval was very important, starting from approximately hour 46 of the process, until the end of the process. able to comprehend what is being investigated or studied. The underground coal gasification (UCG) process consists of the reaction of underground coal with gasifying agents such as oxygen, air, and/or steam, which, at high temperatures, results in a gas containing mainly hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. The scoping review included . In the lower part of the block of coal, a fire channel with a cross-section of 0.1 0.1 m was cut out along its entire length. Learning the characteristics according to Barrot (2017) of quantitative research will guide you as a researcher the standards you need to consider upon conducting your study. Regoniel Patrick A. Processes of qualitative research are often iterative versus linear, may evolve through the inquiry process, and may move between data collection and analysis in multiple formats. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Thinking of Your Research Questions: Characteristics of "Good" and "Bad" Research Questions [Streaming video]. Application of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Tar Analysis from Underground Gasification. Instead, qualitative research seeks to provide rich and detailed descriptions of the experiences and perspectives of individuals and groups. 0000000016 00000 n We explain what a qualitative research is and its applications. 0000007929 00000 n Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. For the reasons above and because qualitative methods often are adapted and (Online pdf document). Approaches to ensure rigor and trustworthiness in qualitative research will be ad-dressed in greater detail in Part 2. T. his chapter focuses on research designs commonly used when conducting . Collaborative Research Group (CRG) USA 2016 - 2023, All Rights Reserved. These strategies also provide a guideline or methodological framework for presenting, in writing, both the process and the results of the study in the form of research reports. By using both quantitative and qualitative data, researchers have a more holistic, well-rounded understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. There are many instruments at hand or methodologies already proven and recognized by the academy, which ensures the accuracy, precision, fidelity and validity of the data collected. Depending on the phenomena the researcher encounters, he can hypothesize and correct concepts as he goes along. Login or create a profile so that Unconventional Oil Production from Underground Coal Gasification and Gas to Liquids Technologies. When the characteristics of quantitative or qualitative research are discussed, the four essential elements of the research process must be addressed. ; Park, J.I. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Qualitative is usually more subjective, although like quantitative research, it also uses a systematic approach. Effects of Moisture content in Coal on Pyrolysis Behavior in indirectly Heated Fixed-Bed Reactor with Internals. of the Journals Editorial Board. From the temperature data presented, the temperature in the reactor could have been in the range of 6001200 C. The high content of the BTEX compounds, especially benzene, was a result of secondary processes taking place in the tar (hydrocracking and steam reforming), and as a result of which, in the presence of hydrogen and steam, the heavier components of the tar were transformed into lighter ones. MA student of the TransAtlantic Masters program at UNC-Chapel Hill. Qualitative research provides flesh and blood to social analyzes. Wiley has partnerships with many of the worlds leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Above 800 C, the equilibrium gas concentrations (steam, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen) do not change significantly [, The water that takes part in the gasification process can influence the composition and quantity of the tar obtained. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. ; Wang, Z.T. At high temperatures in the reactor, in the presence of hydrogen and steam, this tar could undergo hydrocracking and steam reforming. Robson (2002, p43) noted that there has been a paradigm war between constructivists and positivists. The calculations show that, during the coal gasification test, the amounts of the BTEX, PAHs, and phenols that were produced were 5.41 kg, 0.96 kg, and 0.18 kg, respectively. A flame ionisation detector (FID) was used to analyse the BTEX compounds and phenols, while a chromatograph coupled with an Agilent 5975C mass spectrometer in Selected Ion Mode (SIM) were used to detect the PAH compounds. In Sage Video. The tar was sampled approximately every 7 h into sorption tubes directly from the reactor outlet. 0000048915 00000 n Over the three-day gasification test of a large coal block with oxygen in atmospheric pressure conditions, the yield and composition of the tar collected was investigated. Quantitative . The major problem with qualitative research is the validity and reliability of the methods and results. Xi, J.; Linag, J.; Sheng, X.; Shi, L.; Li, S. Characteristics of lump lignite pyrolysis and the influence of temperature on lignite swelling in underground coal gasification. Comparing this result to the efficiency of the classic coking process, the tar yield was about three times lower. It requires heat energy, and is favoured by high temperature and rather low pressure, with the temperature not having as great an influence as the pressure. Sage Research Methods. The trend at this time tends more to the functionality or utility of the method. ; Jung, D.; Miyawaki, J.; Yoon, S.H. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display. Thinking of your research questions: characteristics of "good" and "bad" research questions [Video]. Producing Hydrocarbons by the Underground Gasification of Coal. Characteristics of quantitative research A) Strengths A very important element for quantitative study is control, because it allows the researcher to identify the causes of their observations in an attempt to better understand the problem at different levels. Characteristics of Quantitative Research. Sand, with a moisture content of 11%, was used as an insulating material to simulate the environment of the gasified coal seam . Together with the crude benzole, the yield of the coke oven tar is 4.66.1%. They are epistemology, theoretical perspectives, methodology, and methods (Crotty, 1998). Keywords: Ethnography; Grounded Theory; Qualitative . Have you created a personal profile? Two are quantitative, three are qualitative, one has used a mixed-methods research design and one is a review article. What is Qualitative Research? The yield of the tar that was obtained, in terms of the amount of the gasified coal, was approximately 1.23% of the mass of the raw coal that was gasified. ; Brandenburg, C.F. 0000045254 00000 n Taking into account a 30% error in underestimating the amount of tar that was obtained, it was calculated that the yield of the tar in this process was approximately 1.8% of the mass of the gasified coal. "Thinking of Your Research Questions: Characteristics of "Good" and "Bad" Research Questions." permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. At the same time, in the process gas, the concentration of the sum of the compounds from the BTEX group almost doubled, and the flux of those compounds tripled. kvarekov, E.; Wittenberger, G.; ofranko, M. Tar related issues in underground coal gasification. There has been much debate among scholars in recent decades about the merits and shortcomings of both research strategies, especially in the social sciences. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive The first column contains the topic to be reported on, which might be used to structure an article's section headings or might be de-scribed in a narrative format. Gwny Instytut Grnictwa (Central Mining Institute), Plac Gwarkw 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, (This article belongs to the Special Issue. Ethnography is a branch of anthropology to analyze the culture of a nation or society in its natural environment over a long period of time in collecting main data, observational data and interviews. James Neill (2007). The maximum measurement errors concerning the other measured physicochemical quantities are not as significant as those in the case of tar. The large amount and variety of data it offers allows other scholars to reach . data obtained through qualitative research to be more trustworthy and informative. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Product: Sage Research Methods Video: Qualitative and Mixed Methods; Type of Content: Tutorial Title: Thinking of Your Research Questions: Characteristics of "Good" and "Bad" Research Questions Publisher: Jaroslaw Kriukow Publication year: 2021; Online pub date: January 04, 2023 ; Li, S.; Kelly, K.E. Although both quantitative and qualitative research flow into a mixed meth-ods study, this does not mean that the scope of each approach will be reduced. This could be possible if this iron was dispersed in the gasified coal. The estimation of the amount of tar that was obtained is also flawed, because it was based on the analysis of 33 specific compounds (from the BTEX, phenol, and PAH groups), while the actual number of the chemical compounds that have been identified in tar is much higher, and amounts to several thousand. The steam generated, in addition to producing process gas components, stimulated the release of tar from the gasified coal. Qualitative research is a method used mainly in thesocial sciencesto study human phenomenathat require complex analysis for their understanding. The process gas flow was measured with an ELSTER bellows gasometer of type BK-G10M. No special Hill, R.W. Wiatowski, M.; Kapusta, K. Evolution of tar compound in raw gas from a pilot-scale underground coal gasification (UCG) trial at Wieczorek mine in Poland. It is different from deductive reasoning, which draws aconclusionabout a particular casefrom a general law. This value is approximately three times lower than the tar yield from a typical high-temperature coal coking process. It differs from quantitative research, which looks for measurable and comparable data such as percentages, quantities, and probabilities. qualitative research is theoretically unique, satisfying the requirements for grounded theory. This means that the tar yield from the UCG process was approximately 2.53.3 (3x on average) times lower than that of the coke oven tar. Online video clip. The principle of random selection of a population sample is applied to avoid biased interpretation of results. Observation in context allows the researcher to study non-verbal forms of communication such as body language and intonation, as subjects' response in context. 0000001637 00000 n 0000047050 00000 n Between 15 and 46 h of the process, the amount of tar that was produced decreased, as much of it was released earlier. An inspection of the internal sections of the process gas pipeline following the process did not reveal any tar deposits on the walls, which indicates that practically all of the tar produced during the gasification was transported outside the reactor in the gas stream. The review highlighted the emotional impact of diagnosis in adulthood, limited provision of formal support and inconsistencies in access and processes (Huang et al., 2020). Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. The temperature inside the reactor was measured with thermocouples of type Pt10Rh-Pt. 0000042823 00000 n This means that researchers seek to understand the social, cultural, and historical factors that shape peoples experiences. Cristina Hughes. Anonymity and confidentiality between the parties may present problems in determining the results. Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research, There were many characteristics that were identified throughout the article which allowed, the researcher to make the association to quantitative research. Look for the words HTML. Dermot, J.R. A syngas network for reducing industrial carbon footprint and energy use. For this reason, the nature of quantitative research is descriptive and necessarily both the subject and its variables and elements of the problem must be able to be defined, measured or translated into numbers. After 15 h of the process, as the gasification progressed, the gasification zone continued to expand, and the amount of released water stabilised. while qualitative research focuses on lived experiences and human perceptions (Polit and Beck, 2012). At this time, the heavier components of the tar were released from the coal, which changed their composition due to the intensification of the secondary processes taking place under the influence of the rapidly rising temperature. You seem to have javascript disabled. Qualitative research is an approach to research that focuses on understanding the subjective experiences, perspectives, and meanings of individuals and groups. The gasifying agent can be oxygen, air, water vapour, or mixtures of these gases. This is not the summary amount of the tar produced, because only a part of the compounds present in the tar was determined, so the total yield should be higher. Jones & Bartlett Learning. The information collected is not numerical nor can it be defined with scales. [. The views of both researcher and participant must be differentiated and explained for reasons of bias. But even if it is limited toobservation, its mere presence alreadyaffects the behavior of the subjects. This visualization demonstrates how methods are related and connects users to relevant content. quantitative research studies. The real amount of the water obtained from the coal gasification was lower, because the water that was added to the wet scrubber to cool the process gas must be subtracted from this amount. If we look for a precise definition of qualitative research, and specifically for one that addresses its distinctive feature of being "qualitative," the literature is meager. 75 0 obj<>stream Sand, with a moisture content of 11%, was used as an insulating material to simulate the environment of the gasified coal seam. In this article we systematically search, identify and analyze a sample of 89 sources using or attempting to define the term "qualitative." Then, drawing on ideas we find scattered . 1 A Word From Verywell Qualitative and quantitative methods both play an important role in psychology. Taking into account measurement errors, the estimated total tar yield from the UCG test that was carried out under atmospheric pressure was approximately 1.8% of the weight of the gasified coal. positive feedback from the reviewers. It tends to associate this type of research with the scientific method because it presents the data as absolute and verifiable facts, which leads to think that its results are indisputably valid representing the reality without margin of error. With this, it seeks to answer questions such as why something happens, what causes it, under what conditions, etc. academics, researchers, practitioners and students of education sciences The total mass of these compounds was 6.55 kg. As a result of the cracking, the molecular weight of the tar decreased, and the H/C ratio increased. Wiatowski, M.; Kapusta, K.; Staczyk, K. Analysis and characteristics of tars collected during a pilot-scale underground coal gasification (UCG) trial. It is constructivist, that is, it recognizes that the meaning of things is not objectively discovered. Qualitative research is generally preferred when the clinical question centers around life experiences or meaning. Title. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. It seems that, under the conditions prevailing in the reactor (a high temperature at the beginning and a lower temperature at the end, and the presence of hydrogen and steam), apart from cracking, some reforming processes (isomerisation, cyclization, and aromatisation) could have taken place. The error that was calculated on this basis was approximately (minus) 30% of the total tar mass. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 4 Jan 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529624298. Its elemental composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) from a ZSX Primus II Rigaku spectrometer, and the results were recalculated into oxides. [. This allows me to make some simple, working distinctions set out in Table 1.2. 53 0 obj <> endobj A review of the literature shows that the presence of tar in the process gas causes numerous problems related to its condensation in the pipelines that transport the produced gas to the surface.
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