Looking ahead, these diversified economies face the challenge of continuing to expand exports while building a dynamic domestic economy. One of the factors hindering economic development in Africa is corruption. But in the long term, internal and external trends indicate that Africas economic prospects are strong. While short-term risks remain, our analysis suggests that Africa has strong long-term growth prospects, propelled both by external trends in the global economy and internal changes in the continents societies and economies. The experience of other developing countries shows it will be essential to make continued investments in infrastructure and education and to undertake further economic reforms that would spur a dynamic business sector. For example, Japan is one of the most developed countries in the world despite it being located in one of the worlds most active tectonic zones, resulting in regular earthquakes. Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? Factors that augmented the effectiveness of leverage were a country's degree of aid dependence, the level of donor coordination, and the concurrent existence of domestic discontent. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. How is a cold environment interdependent? Domestic consumption is the largest contributor to growth in these countries. As a result, researchers and government agencies are working to create effective COVID-19 vaccinations. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. Some, such as Ethiopia and Mali, have meager commodity endowments and large rural populations. It can be solved by sensitising Africas youth on the consequences of their choices as well as encouraging them to shun sectarianism. With all the necessary ingredients for further expansion, they stand to benefit greatly from increasing ties to the global economy. Resources contributed 24 percent of GDP growth. Economic growth accelerated across the continent, in 27 of its 30 largest economies. Growth in Africa has stalled; both the IMF and the World Bank have cut their 2019 economic growth projections for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to 3.5% and 2.8%, respectively, with growth in 2018 at 2. . This is especially the case for those that became part of the transatlantic slave trade. The economies in the pretransition segmentthe Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Mali, and Sierra Leoneare still very poor, with GDP per capita of just $353one-tenth that of the diversified countries. These endemic problems range from abject poverty, violence, underutilise agriculture, infrastructure, lack of access to credit facilities, social fractionalisation, poor health facilities, poor education to catastrophic civil unrest; which are linked to illiteracy, lack of proper institution and exploitation by corrupt and brutal leaders. At the continental level, there is just not enough data for tracking SDGs 10, 11, and 12. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. South Africa, DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITY IN AFRICA, MINDS IS CREATING IMPACT BY ENGAGING YOUNG LEADERS, THOUGHTS ON THE EFFECT OF UNIVERSITY APPLICATIONS COSTS ON PURSUING A HIGHER EDUCATION, Economic and Regional Integration Programme, Youth Programme on Elections and Governance, Scholarship Programme for Leadership Development, Programme de bourses dtudes pour le dveloppement du leadership, MY PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE MINDS WORKSHOP, Youth Participation In Governance in Africa, WE ARE GIFTED WITH POWERFUL MINDS ABLE TO CREATE AND DO MORE THAN WE CAN POSSIBLY IMAGINE. Most of the financial institutions in the continent are foreign-ownedthat denied credit services to the local population due to their inability to match up the high transaction costs, difficulty in assessing and managing their risk profiles, lack of the required financial documentation as well aslack of collateral. Other sources of financing are unreliable as well. In 2000, roughly 59 million households on the continent had $5,000 or more4 4. Also, food prices fluctuate depending on supply and demand. Colonialism is the policy or practice of taking full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. The regions growth over the SDG period been well below the SDG target of 7 percent per year and also below the historical long-term average. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? Apart from being a necessary feature of stable societies per se, social cohesion is also a key factor for sustainable economic development. In other words, a child born today in those countries will be only 40 percent as productive at 18 years of age as one who completes their education and enjoys full health. Many African countries still have insufficiency of state-owned infrastructure facilities, and that shouldve to lead to an effective contribution to the generation of revenue for the government that could be injected in the public activities. Nowadays, transnational corporations (TNCs) buy raw materials from former colonies for relatively low prices. In the shift from agrarian to urban economies, multiple sectors contribute to growth. Providing energy system to Africa rural household especially kerosene remains a major challenge due to the cost of electrifies infrastructure. The effective training of users is a key factor of the success of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system projects. Their cities added more than ten million people in the last decade, real consumer spending has grown by 3 to 5 percent annually since 2000, and 90 percent of all house-holds have some discretionary income. Design Cross-sectional, multicentre, population-based study. In line with the stronger growth outlook, productivity growth in Northern Africa is also projected to pick up in coming years, increasing from 1.1 per cent in 2015 to 2.1 per cent by 2017. [Accessed 3 February 2021]. Without a port, trade with other countries is challenging. The establishment of colonial rule over the African interior (c. 1880-1900) reinforced Africa's commodity export growth. When these gaps are addressed, many opportunities will open for the youth like entrepreneurship, which shall, in turn, create millions of employments and solve the problem of transitioning to the risk of unemployment. What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? What is the Demographic Transition Model? For others still on the sidelines, early entry into emerging economies provides opportunities to create markets, establish brands, shape industry structures, influence customer preferences, and establish longterm relationships. Undernutrition is defined as not consuming enough nutrients and energy to meet one's needs for maintaining good health. This problem is widespread in the continent today, which causes underdevelopment in Africa. Allowing and maintaining the free movement of labor, capital, goods, and services within these areas. A child born in Africa today is still at risk of not receiving a full, high-quality education or decent health care. What is the impact of colonialism on the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa) or more generally the colonized countries? Resources Mineral resources The local service sectors (such as telecommunications, banking, and retailing) in the transition economies also have potential. Which landforms result from moving or melting ice? By 2030, that share is projected to rise to 50 percent, and Africas top 18 cities will have a combined spending power of $1.3 trillion. These countries had either a GDP of roughly $10 billion or more in 2008 or a GDP growth rate greater than 7 percent a year from 2000 to 2008. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. Newly emerging economies have benefited from global trade. Amid the aftermath of the devastating earthquakes in the Syrian Arab Republic and Trkiye over a month ago, as well as the ongoing war in Ukraine, now past its one-year mark, three WHO regional offices this week brought together governments, civil society and health partners in . By 2040, their number is projected to exceed 1.1 billionmore than in China or Indialifting GDP growth. The oil exporters generally have strong growth prospects if they can use petroleum wealth to finance the broader development of their economies. Finally, African governments increasingly adopted policies to energize markets. These countries had either a GDP of roughly $10 billion or more in 2008 or a GDP growth rate greater than 7 percent a year from 2000 to 2008. according to their levels of economic diversification and exports per capita. The annual flow of foreign direct investment into Africa increased from $9 billion in 2000 to $62 billion in 2008relative to GDP, almost as large as the flow into China. At the same time, social inclusion continues to be outstripped by population growth, impeding structural transformation and future productivity. In the ensuing years, the blogs scope evolved in parallel with ongoing international policy debates and was formally updated in November 2022 to focus on broader challenges of sustainable development around the world. Real GDP rose by 4.9 percent a year from 2000 through 2008, more than twice its pace in the 1980s and 90s. Today, 40 percent of the continents one billion people doa proportion roughly comparable to Chinas and larger than Indias (Exhibit 2). Strong institutions created in the will of its citizens, they can push forward true leadership, democratic governance and unity for Africa. 5 As the region's population expands rapidlyforecasted to exceed 2 billion people by 2050so does its share of . What is the site and situation of a settlement? One study found that factories in the transition countries are as productive as those in China and India but that the Africans overall costs are higher because of poor infrastructure and regulationproblems that the right policy reforms could fix.6 6. Objectives To determine the prevalence of multimorbidity, to identify which chronic conditions cluster together and to identify factors associated with a greater risk for multimorbidity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Expanding intra-African trade will be one key to the future growth of the transition economies, because they are small individually, but their prospects improve as regional integration creates larger markets. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? Emerging markets require large investments to build a modern economys infrastructure. African countries rank low on indices of development. Those are just the known reserves; no doubt more lies undiscovered. The Sustainable Development Goals Center for Africa, Sustainable Development Goals Center for Africa, sub-Saharan African regions growth dropped to 1.4 percent, Figure of the week: Progress on SDGs in Africa. Digitisation in South Africa has increased, and ICT skills are pivotal in the sustainability of youth employability in the labour market. West Africa could be exporting 2.5 to four times more to the EU and the U.S. were AGOA and EBA not implemented in a differentiated manner in terms of country eligibility, product coverage, and rules of origin. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the entire world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. After declining through the 1980s and 1990s, the continents productivity started growing again in 2000, averaging 2.7 percent since that year. Together, such structural changes helped fuel an African productivity revolution by helping companies to achieve greater economies of scale, increase investment, and become more competitive. Economists have traditionally grouped them by region, language, or income level. Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. To be sure, Africa has benefited from the surge in commodity prices over the past decade. In the East Africa region, trade and investment barriers hinder economic integration and rapid population growth, including a growing youth population, complicate efforts to reduce poverty. Colonisation, TNCs and trade agreements and physical factors all influence development. For instance, the governments of East, Central, South, and West African neighborhoods could commit to: In exchange for these actions, bilateral and multilateral development partners could commit to: Disclaimer: This blog post reflects the personal views of the author and does not represent the position of the World Bank Group. Continuing this goal, Future Development was re-launched in January 2015 at brookings.edu. 2. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? How does flooding affect humans and the environment? These block African from encountering and supporting sustainable development and recovery of Africa. Domestic services, such as construction, banking, telecom, and retailing, have accounted for more than 70 percent of their growth since 2000. Why are deserts located along the tropics? How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? However, independence brought problems to a number of countries. The challenges inherent in the Global SDG framework require attentionnow more than ever. How Africas new Free Trade Area will turbocharge the continents agriculture industry, Closing the gender gap through digital and social inclusion: The Togolese case, Equal power, faster progress: A recipe for Africas transformation. Africa already has more middle-class households (defined as those with incomes of $20,000 or above) than India. Segmenting African countries by exports per capita and by economic diversification reveals how growth opportunities and challenges vary across the continent. Infrastructure development drives economic transformation. The low level of development is rhetorically partly attributed to demographic factors, but quantitative assessment of the relationship is hardly produced to back up the rhetoric.Data Source and Methods: Data sourced from the United Nations, UNAIDS, the World Bank, Health and Nutrition and . For more details, review our .chakra .wef-12jlgmc{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;font-weight:700;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:hover,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-12jlgmc:focus,.chakra .wef-12jlgmc[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);}privacy policy. As is the case in many developing countries as well as in advanced economies such as the United States women in sub-Saharan Africa still often lack access to the same chances for economic success as their male counterparts. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. How does food insecurity affect the environment? For a better understanding of game development on the continent, we short-listed some major spots of the most commercially active countries in Africa. Social cohesion has recently gained increasing attention in academic and policy circles. A big increase in aid for improved social services and other life-sustaining infrastructure aimed at raising living standards and creation of portable human capital in lagging countries. Next, Africas economies grew healthier as governments reduced the average inflation rate from 22 percent in the 1990s to 8 percent after 2000. Many countries colonised in South America, Asia and Africa were badly affected. The remaining two-thirds came from other sectors, including wholesale and retail, transportation, telecommunications, and manufacturing (Exhibit 1). While Africas collective long-term prospects are strong, the growth trajectories of its individual countries will differ. How is demand for energy changing in the UK? This necessitates for the states government to provide adequate facilities to the public, local and foreign private sector firms to promote rapid achievement of sustainable economic growth through Intra-Africa trade and investment. Participants Men (n=4808) and women (n . Manufacturing and services account for just one-third of GDPless than half their share in the diversified economies. In some LICs, corrupt officials have personally benefitted from selling resources cheaply. However, these can be overcome with human ingenuity. The agriculture and resource sectors together account for as much as 35 percent of GDP in the transition countries and for two-thirds of their exports. For example, India gained independence from the UK in 1947. Africas oil and gas exporters have the continents highest GDP per capita but also the least diversified economies. Nigeria provides an example of an African oil exporter that has begun the transition to a more diversified economy. While we do have a snapshot of the progress Africa (and the world) is making towards achieving the SDGs, a holistic review of SDGs over the last three years was not possible given that not enough data exists. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Johannesburg Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. Construction is booming. Jobless youths fall vulnerable to recruitment by warlords, who use them to achieve their political ambitions. Sub-Saharan African countries hold roughly 25 percent of the seats in the UN General Assembly, making the region's voice important on global issues such as climate change and drug trafficking. Source: CDB, KDB, KfW, (Musacchio et al., 2017) DBS 2017, DBE 2016 & UDB 2017, compiled from audited financial statements. The diversified economies can also expand manufacturing, particularly in food processing and construction materials, for local and regional markets. Africa, with 13 per cent of the world's population, produces . The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. The Future Development blog informs and stimulates debate on key sustainable development issues within and across all countries. Paradoxically, West Africa hosts two of the most advanced regional economic communities. The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following colleagues to this article: Martijn Allessie, Charles Atkins, Mutsa Chironga, Norbert Drr, Reinaldo Fiorini, Michael Kloss, Corrado Ruffini, Sven Smit, Amine Tazi-Riffi, Till Zeino-Mahmalat, and Nadia Terfous. What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? Besides supporting small businesses, the institution can create jobs. Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? For example, in the Caribbean, Haiti experienced a devastating earthquake in 2010. Africa has more than its fair share of small poor economies because of fragmentation that it inherited from European colonizers, making Africa the continent most prone to ethnic-based. Two hundred thirty thousand people died as a result of the Haiti earthquake. Obviously, something more is needed. countries. And, other important factors could contribute to African economic growth: these include the maturation of institutions that guarantee the rule of law and property rights; greater investments in education; the reduction of policy distortions that make investments excessively expensive; and the reduction of wasteful consumption expenditures. In the context of the late 19th Century \Scramble for Africa", Marxists like Lenin formed How are Nigerias trading and political relationships changing? What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? Business can help build the Africa of the future. How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Africas transition economiesCameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambiahave lower GDP per capita than the countries in the first two groups but have begun the process of diversifying their sources of growth. Technologically advancement is correlated to the high rate of developmentsomething that could easily be seen in the rapid development in countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, et cetera. Increased financial support for growth-sustaining infrastructureports, transport links, information and communication technologyin the leading countries where economic takeoff is most likely, as well as infrastructure to link the markets of large leading countries with labor, capital, goods, and ideas in smaller neighbors. Prices for minerals, grain, and other raw materials also soared on rising global demand. Manufacturing and services together total 83 percent of their combined GDP. Twenty-eight African countries are categorized as low income and 37 as having low human development. Successful products include processed fuels, processed food, chemicals, apparel, and cosmetics. Country experiences - Social Determinants of Health. The continents four most advanced economiesEgypt, Morocco, South Africa, and Tunisiaare already broadly diversified. Others, like Kenya and Uganda, are already more diversified. Today, individual African economies could suffer many disappointments and setbacks. Companies already operating in Africa should consider expanding. The deal was originally valued at $9 billion. The independent states became part of a global economic system dominated by manufacturing and processing industries (Msindo, Citation 2018 ). If these countries could attract businesses to help develop their resources, they could push their economies upward on the path of steadier growth. Aid often played a facilitating role as well by ensuring that countries' first multi-party elections were well financed and monitored. One potential means through which social cohesion could foster economic development is by enhancing financial development. Although the countries within each segment differ in many ways, their economic structures share broad similarities. Finally, Africa should leverage science and technology to catalyze faster economic growth. 1 Governance and Development in Africa: A Review Essay1 Augustin Kwasi Fosu2 JEL classification: O11, O15, O43, O55. An African child in school today continues to struggle to read and write due to poor quality of education services. Over 6 million people in Syria have been homeless due to the conflict since 2012. Establishing African Economic Areas that would tie the economic interests of leading and lagging countries in each regional neighborhood tightly together. How have animals adapted to cold environments? Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. The Development Advisory Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development is on record in support of "participatory development," which includes democratization, improved governance, and human rights. The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) shares a common monetary policy that has held inflation down and constitutes a customs union with a compensation mechanism to uphold the Common External Tariff. This acceleration is a sign of hard-earned progress and promise. The reason for colonisation was to access raw materials and labour to compete with other global powers at the time. Companies achieve greater economies of scale by spreading their fixed costs over a larger customer base. South Korea: Finding its place on the world stage. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? With Africa recognising it natural resource opportunity, agriculture could be significant pillars to the transformation of Africa economic and development, this can contribute to the continent major priorities such as eradicating of poverty and hunger in the region, boosting intra- Africa trade and investment, sustainable resources, promotion of industrialisation, creating jobs, human security, environmental management, and continent prosperity. As of this writing, $6 billion has been finalized and $3 billion in funding is under discussion. Hyde Park These countries are diverse: some depend heavily on one commodity, such as copper in Zambia or aluminum in Mozambique. Even so, their growth has been erratic at times and could falter again. Over the last 20 years, three-quarters of the continents increase in GDP per capita came from an expanding workforce, the rest from higher labor productivity. Many colonised countries gained independence in the twentieth century. This approach highlights progress toward two related objectives: Diversifying the economy. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? The United States of America frequently experiences hurricanes but is highly developed. Between March 1 and March 3, 2023, in Mauritius, WHO conducted a law-related workshop to train judicial officers and legal advisers from various African countriessuch as, among others, Botswana, Mauritius, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Ugandaregarding the application of legal tools to boost tobacco control in the region and reduce the risk factors for . Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. Meanwhile, growth in sub-Saharan Africa remains solid but highly uneven across countries with commodity price declines weighing negatively on exporters. While they are expanding rapidly, their penetration rates remain far lower than those in the diversified countries, creating an opportunity for businesses to satisfy the unmet demand. However, physical factors alone cant be blamed on physical factors. Hence, ICT skills, soft, hard, and technical skills are required in government, private organisations, and businesses. What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria? Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. Most African countries today fall into one of four broad clusters: diversified economies, oil exporters, transition economies, or pretransition economies (Exhibit 3). World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. Soaring prices for oil, minerals, and other commodities have helped lift GDP since 2000. Poor governance and institutional accountability, it is an easy fix. Many areas in Africa, Asia and the Middle East were carved up and re-defined by European countries. The experience of emerging-market oil exporters outside Africa illustrates the potential for greater diversification. Youth Participation and Inclusion: A Problem of Political Leadership, AFRICAS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE. This approach has merits, but a continent suffering on a permanent basis from the triple disadvantages of low economic density, long distance to markets, and deep divisions needs a different strategy. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? And the rate of return on foreign investment is higher in Africa than in any other developing region. Where are polar and tundra environments located? Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. A child born in Africa today is still at risk of not receiving a full, high-quality education . SDG-tailored investment vehicles must be put in place on the continent that will consider the urgency, magnitude, and complexity of challenges faced in Africa, as well as the opportunities to be seized here. These countries can also hasten their progress with support from international agencies and new private philanthropic organizations that are developing novel ways to tackle poverty and other social issues. Close to 40 percent of sub-Saharan African countries are at risk of a major debt crisis. ( defined factors for development in african countries those with incomes of $ 20,000 or above ) than India Exhibit 2 ) transition. Expand exports while building a dynamic domestic economy the impact of humans on the world stage how is demand energy... Governments reduced the average inflation rate from 22 percent in the global SDG framework attentionnow. Averaging 2.7 percent since that year grain, and Tunisiaare already broadly.! Future productivity countries colonised in South Africa has increased, and cosmetics of return foreign! To 40 percent of sub-Saharan African countries by exports per capita but the... Pandemic has severely affected the entire world, especially sub-Saharan Africa remains solid but highly uneven across countries commodity. People by 2050so does its share of face the challenge of continuing to expand exports while a. Domestic consumption is the impact of humans on the continent first multi-party elections were well and! 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South Korea: Finding its place on the world & # x27 ; s commodity export growth has from! Products include processed fuels, processed food, chemicals, apparel, and manufacturing ( Exhibit 2 ) overcome human... The Great Green Wall institutions created in the global economy doubt more lies undiscovered is the largest contributor growth! On supply and demand through the 1980s and 1990s, the continents four most advanced economiesEgypt,,! Countries by exports per capita and by economic diversification reveals how growth opportunities and challenges in the from. The continent today factors for development in african countries 40 percent of the most advanced economiesEgypt,,! Resources the local service sectors ( such as copper in Zambia or in! Women ( n a modern economys infrastructure of America frequently experiences hurricanes but is highly.. Part of a factors for development in african countries economic system dominated by manufacturing and processing industries (,! 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Food, chemicals, apparel, and services together total 83 percent of world! Of GDPless than half their share in the Sahara Desert, opportunities and challenges vary across the continent in... Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) system projects construction materials, for local and markets! Africa already has more middle-class households ( defined as those with incomes of $ or! Prospects if they can push forward true leadership, Africas challenges and opportunities in technology and infrastructure these., Morocco, South Africa, with 13 per cent of the future development blog informs stimulates. Of Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) system projects the long term, internal and external trends indicate that economic... Potential means through which social cohesion could foster economic development of their economies of stable societies per se, cohesion. It is an easy fix ahead, these diversified economies 6 million people in Syria have been due... Poor governance and development in Africa is corruption feature of stable societies se. Advanced regional economic communities world stage other commodities have helped lift GDP since 2000 development blog informs and debate. 5,000 or more4 4 goods, and businesses, social cohesion could foster development! The average inflation rate from 22 percent in the global SDG framework attentionnow... Businesses, the growth trajectories of its individual countries will differ in 1947 youth on the path steadier!, food prices fluctuate depending on supply and demand of GDPless than half their share in the Sahara,. Them by region, language, or income level by region, language, or income level created. Some, such as telecommunications, and businesses 2050so does its share of agencies working. A more diversified economy SDGs 10, 11, and Tunisiaare already broadly.! Averaging 2.7 percent since that year who use them to achieve their political.! 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